Concrete & Formwork
Table of Contents

Introduction | Preview A Chapter | Back Cover

Chapter 1. - Concrete as a Building Material, 1
   Concrete Components, 1
   Properties of Concrete, 1
   Hardened Concrete, 2

Chapter 2. - Concrete Mix Components, 3
   Natural Cement, 3
   Portland Cement, 3
   Water in the Mix, 5
   Concrete Aggregate, 6
   Handling Aggregate, 11
   Concrete Admixtures, 13
   Air-Entrained Concrete, 13
   Other Admixtures, 16

Chapter 3. - Proportioning Concrete Mix, 17
   The Book Method, 17
   Trial Batch Method, 25
   Absolute Volume Method, 29
   Example of the Absolute Volume Method, 30
   Variation in Mixes, 30

Chapter 4. - Excavation, 31
   Soil Conditions, 31
   Preliminary Considerations, 32
   Sizing the Foundation, 33
   Preparing Base for Slabs on Grade, 34
   Fencing and Shoring, 34
   Man Hours Required for Excavation, 37

Chapter 5. - Laying Out the Building, 38
   Layout Procedure, 38

Chapter 6. - Design of Concrete Forms, 41
   Design Considerations, 43
   Design of Wall Forms, 43
   Sample Wall Form Design Problems, 48
   Columns Forms, 48
   Sample Column Form Design Problem, 48
   Foundation Forms, 50
   Floor Forms, 50
   Sample Floor Form Design Problem, 50
   Stair Forms, 50

Chapter 7. - Form Materials and How to Use Them, 51
   Lumber and Plywood, 51
   Estimating Lumber Requirements, 51
   Locating Wall Forms on a Footing, 52
   Locating Footing Shoes and Studs, 53
   How to Place Sheathing53
   How to Place Walers, 53
   General Principles, 54
   Spreaders and Fasteners, 55
   Anchor Bolts, 59
   How to Install Anchor Bolts, 60
   Anchor Bolts for Engine Beds and Steel Columns, 61
   Construction Joints, 62
   Expansion and Construction Joints, 63

Chapter 8. - Construction of Pier and Footing Forms, 66
   Pier Footings, 67
   Continuous Wall Footings, 68
   Footing Forms, 68
   Bonding a Wall to a Footing, 70
   Building Pier and Footing Forms, 72
   Steps in Making Small Pier Forms (Figure B-14) 72
   How to Make Combination Footing and Pier Forms, 72
   How to Make Individual Pier Footing Forms, 72
   How to Make Stepped Footing Forms, 74
   How to Make Tapered Footings, 74
   How to Set and Brace Footing Forms, 75
   How to Brace Stepped or Tapered Footing Forms, 76
   How to Make and Set Forms for Wall Footings, 77

Chapter 9. - Construction of Foundation Wall Forms, 79
   How to Make Panels for Single Wall Forms, 79
   How to Nail the Sheathing, 81
   How to Set the Forms on the Footings, 81
   How to Make and Set Complete Single Wall Forms, 82
   How to Make Panels for Double Wall Forms, 82
   How to Make Complete Wall Forms, 83
   How to Brace and Align Double Wall Forms, 84
   How to Make Double Wall Forms With Cleated Panels, 86

Chapter 10. - Formwork for Openings in Concrete Walls, 87
   How Openings in Concrete Walls are Formed, 87
   How to Make a Box From, 88
   How to Make Frames for Door or Window Openings, 89
   How to Assemble the Frames, 90
   How to Install the Frame in the Form, 91

Chapter 11. - Formwork for Steps, 92
   Types of Concrete Steps, 92
   Stair Riser Forms, 95
   How to Make and Use a Pitch Board, 96
   How to Install the Stringers, 98
   How to Build Open Step Forms, 99

Chapter 12. - Formwork for Floor and Sidewalk Slabs, 102
   How to Build a Form for a Section of Sidewalk
          4 feet wide and 12 feet long, 102
   How to Make Curved Sidewalk Forms, 103
   How to Provide for Expansion Joints, 104

Chapter 13. - How to Make Beam and Girder Forms, 105

Chapter 14. - Forms for Arched Openings, 108
   How to Build the Flat or Jack Arch Center, 109
   How to Build a Segmental Arch Center, 110
   How to Build the Semi-Circular Arch Center, 112
   How to Set Arch Centers, 115

Chapter 15. - Handling and Placing Concrete, 117
   Delivery Methods, 117
   Placing Concrete, 119
   Preliminary Preparation, 119
   Depositing Concrete, 121
   Consolidating Concrete, 124
   Placing Concrete Under Water, 125

Chapter 16. - Finishing Concrete, 127
   Repairing Concrete, 129
   Cleaning Concrete, 129

Chapter 17. - Curing and Patching Concrete, 131
   Curing Methods, 132
   Removing Forms, 133
   Patching, 134
   Patching Old Concrete, 135

Chapter 18. - Effects of Temperature, 136
   Hot Weather Concreting, 136
   Cold Weather Concreting, 137

Chapter 19. - Reinforced Concrete Construction, 141
   Characteristics of Concrete, 141
   Reinforced Concrete Design, 142
   Structural Members, 142
   Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement, 144
   Reinforcing Steel, 144
   Splices, 147
   Placement, 149

Chapter 20. - Precast Concrete, 151
   Prefabrication Yard, 152

Chapter 21. - Cleaning Concrete and Masonry, 153
   Methods, 153
   Steam Cleaning, 153
   Sandblast Cleaning, 154
   Acids, Caustic Washers and Paste Cleaners, 155
   Cleaning of Miscellaneous Stains, 156

Appendix A. - Method of Making Slump Test for
                       Consistency of Portland Cement Concrete, 157
   1. Scope, 159
   2. Apparatus, 159
   3. Samples, 159
   4. Procedure, 159
   5. Slump, 160
   6. Supplementary Test Procedures, 160

Appendix B. - Estimating Quantities and Labor Hours
                       For Concrete, Forms and Reinforcing, 161
   Reinforcing, 163
   Form Material, 164

Introduction | Preview A Chapter | Back Cover

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